Econazole

Identification

Summary

Econazole is a topical antifungal used to treat tinea pedis, tinea cruris, tinea corporis, cutaneous candidiasis and tinea versicolor.

Brand Names
Ecoza
Generic Name
Econazole
DrugBank Accession Number
DB01127
Background

A broad spectrum antimycotic with some action against Gram positive bacteria. It is used topically in dermatomycoses also orally and parenterally.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 381.684
Monoisotopic: 380.024996233
Chemical Formula
C18H15Cl3N2O
Synonyms
  • (+-)-Econazole
  • Econazol
  • Econazole

Pharmacology

Indication

For topical application in the treatment of tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis caused by Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton tonsurans, Microsporum canis, Microsporum audouini, Microsporum gypseum, and Epidermophyton floccosum, in the treatment of cutaneous candidiasis, and in the treatment of tinea versicolor.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Used in combination to treatAllergy skinCombination Product in combination with: Triamcinolone (DB00620)•••••••••••••••••
Treatment ofBalanitis candida••••••••••••
Used in combination to treatFungal infectious disorders of the beardCombination Product in combination with: Triamcinolone (DB00620)••••••••••••••••••••
Used in combination to treatFungal skin infectionCombination Product in combination with: Triamcinolone (DB00620)•••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••
Used in combination to treatFungal skin infectionCombination Product in combination with: Triamcinolone (DB00620)•••••••••••••••••• ••••• •••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Econazole is an antifungal medication related to fluconazole (Diflucan), ketoconazole (Nizoral), itraconazole (Sporanox), and clotrimazole (Lotrimin, Mycelex). Econazole prevents fungal organisms from producing vital substances required for growth and function. This medication is effective only for infections caused by fungal organisms. It will not work for bacterial or viral infections.

Mechanism of action

Econazole interacts with 14-α demethylase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme necessary to convert lanosterol to ergosterol. As ergosterol is an essential component of the fungal cell membrane, inhibition of its synthesis results in increased cellular permeability causing leakage of cellular contents. Econazole may also inhibit endogenous respiration, interact with membrane phospholipids, inhibit the transformation of yeasts to mycelial forms, inhibit purine uptake, and impair triglyceride and/or phospholipid biosynthesis.

TargetActionsOrganism
ACytochrome P450 51
antagonist
Yeast
UNuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2
partial agonist
Humans
Absorption

After topical application to the skin of normal subjects, systemic absorption of econazole nitrate is extremely low. Although most of the applied drug remains on the skin surface, drug concentrations were found in the stratum corneum which, by far, exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration for dermatophytes.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

Hepatic.

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Overdosage of econazole in humans has not been reported to date. In mice, rats guinea pigs and dogs, the oral LD 50 values were found to be 462, 668, 272, and > 160 mg/kg, respectively.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AdagrasibThe serum concentration of Adagrasib can be increased when it is combined with Econazole.
AlfuzosinThe metabolism of Alfuzosin can be decreased when combined with Econazole.
AsciminibThe serum concentration of Asciminib can be increased when it is combined with Econazole.
AtogepantThe serum concentration of Atogepant can be increased when it is combined with Econazole.
AvanafilThe metabolism of Avanafil can be decreased when combined with Econazole.
Food Interactions
No interactions found.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Econazole nitrateH438WYN10E24169-02-6DDXORDQKGIZAME-UHFFFAOYSA-N
International/Other Brands
Ecostatin (Bristol-Myers Squibb) / Gyno-Pevaryl (Janssen) / Ifenec (Italfarmaco) / Palavale (Otsuka Pharmaceutical) / Pevaryl (Janssen)
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
EconasilKit10 mg/1gTopicalPureTek Corporation2020-03-252021-04-30US flag
Econazole Nitrate CreamCream10 mg/1gTopicalLake Erie Medical DBA Quality Care Products LLC2018-06-152019-10-11US flag
Econazole Nitrate CreamCream10 mg/1gTopicalAlvogen Inc.2017-09-072019-09-01US flag
Econazole Nitrate Topical Foam, 1%Aerosol, foam10 mg/1gTopicalXiromed Llc2016-12-092017-05-02US flag
Ecostatin Cream 1%Cream1 %TopicalBristol Myers Squibb1982-12-312006-09-05Canada flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Econazole NitrateCream10 mg/1gTopicalRebel Distributors Corp2004-06-23Not applicableUS flag
Econazole NitrateCream10 mg/1gTopicalbryant ranch prepack2006-08-08Not applicableUS flag
Econazole NitrateCream10 mg/1gTopicalPreferred Pharmaceuticals Inc.2019-03-122020-01-31US flag
Econazole NitrateCream10 mg/1gTopicalTaro Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.2002-11-26Not applicableUS flag
Econazole NitrateCream10 mg/1gTopicalPreferred Pharmaceuticals Inc.2022-04-11Not applicableUS flag
Over the Counter Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
GYNO-PEVARYL DEPOT VAGINAL SUPPOSITORY 150 mgSuppository150 mgVaginalJOHNSON & JOHNSON PTE. LTD.1989-06-05Not applicableSingapore flag
อีคอนCream1 %w/wTopicalบริษัท เยนเนอร์ราลดรั๊กส์เฮ้าส์ จำกัด1986-05-28Not applicableThailand flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
AECORAS OINTMENTEconazole nitrate (1 %) + Triamcinolone acetonide (0.1 %)OintmentTopicalDUOPHARMA (M) SDN. BHD.2020-09-082022-02-08Malaysia flag
ECOCORT CREAMEconazole nitrate (1 %w/w) + Triamcinolone acetonide (0.1 %w/w)CreamTopicalZUELLIG PHARMA PTE. LTD.1998-09-10Not applicableSingapore flag
ECOCORT CREAMEconazole nitrate (1 g/100g) + Triamcinolone acetonide (100 mg/100g)Creamบริษัท ซิลลิค ฟาร์มา จำกัด2018-07-03Not applicableThailand flag
EconavixEconazole nitrate (10 mg/1g) + Econazole nitrate (10 mg/1g) + Econazole nitrate (10 mg/1g)KitTopicalPrimary Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2020-12-20Not applicableUS flag
EconavixEconazole nitrate (10 mg/1g) + Econazole nitrate (10 mg/1g) + Econazole nitrate (10 mg/1g)KitTopicalPrimary Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2020-12-20Not applicableUS flag
Unapproved/Other Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
071023 Econazole Nitrate 1% / Niacinamide 4%Econazole nitrate (1 g/100g) + Nicotinamide (4 g/100g)CreamTopicalSincerus Florida, LLC2020-07-02Not applicableUS flag
EconasilEconazole nitrate (10 mg/1g)KitTopicalPureTek Corporation2020-03-252021-04-30US flag
Econazole Nitrate 1% / Niacinamide 4%Econazole nitrate (1 g/100g) + Nicotinamide (4 g/100g)CreamTopicalSincerus Florida, LLC2019-05-20Not applicableUS flag
PM ExternalEconazole nitrate (10 mg/1mL) + Levomenthol (20 mg/1mL) + Lidocaine (20 mg/1mL) + Salicylic acid (100 mg/1mL)SolutionTopicalOASIS TRADING2018-11-15Not applicableUS flag
TriamazoleEconazole nitrate (10 mg/1g) + Triamcinolone acetonide (1 mg/1g)KitTopicalPureTek Corporation2020-12-15Not applicableUS flag

Categories

ATC Codes
G01AF05 — EconazoleD01AC03 — EconazoleG01AF20 — Combinations of imidazole derivativesG01AF55 — Econazole, combinations
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzylethers. These are aromatic ethers with the general formula ROCR' (R = alkyl, aryl; R'=benzene).
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Benzenoids
Class
Benzene and substituted derivatives
Sub Class
Benzylethers
Direct Parent
Benzylethers
Alternative Parents
Dichlorobenzenes / N-substituted imidazoles / Aryl chlorides / Heteroaromatic compounds / Dialkyl ethers / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Organochlorides / Hydrocarbon derivatives
Substituents
1,3-dichlorobenzene / Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Aryl chloride / Aryl halide / Azacycle / Azole / Benzylether / Chlorobenzene / Dialkyl ether / Ether
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
imidazoles, ether, dichlorobenzene, monochlorobenzenes (CHEBI:82873)
Affected organisms
  • Yeast and other fungi

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
6Z1Y2V4A7M
CAS number
27220-47-9
InChI Key
LEZWWPYKPKIXLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C18H15Cl3N2O/c19-14-3-1-13(2-4-14)11-24-18(10-23-8-7-22-12-23)16-6-5-15(20)9-17(16)21/h1-9,12,18H,10-11H2
IUPAC Name
1-{2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole
SMILES
ClC1=CC=C(COC(CN2C=CN=C2)C2=C(Cl)C=C(Cl)C=C2)C=C1

References

Synthesis Reference

Godefroi, E.F. and Heeres, J.; U.S. Patent 3,717,655; February 20,1973; assigned to Jansen Pharmaceutica NV, Belgium.

US3717655
General References
  1. AIFA Product Information: Pevaryl (econazole) for vaginal use [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0015259
KEGG Drug
D03936
KEGG Compound
C08068
PubChem Compound
3198
PubChem Substance
46508881
ChemSpider
3086
BindingDB
31773
RxNav
3743
ChEBI
82873
ChEMBL
CHEMBL808
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP001269
PharmGKB
PA164746010
Guide to Pharmacology
GtP Drug Page
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
PDRhealth
PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia
Econazole
FDA label
Download (203 KB)
MSDS
Download (72.9 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
3CompletedTreatmentTinea Pedis3
2CompletedTreatmentInterdigital Tinea Pedis1
2CompletedTreatmentOnychomycosis1
2CompletedTreatmentTinea Pedis1
1CompletedOtherHealthy Volunteers (HV)1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
  • Dispensing Solutions
  • Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
  • DPT Laboratories Ltd.
  • E. Fougera and Co.
  • Medisca Inc.
  • Ortho Mcneil Janssen Pharmaceutical Inc.
  • Perrigo Co.
  • Pharmedix
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Prasco Labs
  • Preferred Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Prescript Pharmaceuticals
  • Rebel Distributors Corp.
  • Taro Pharmaceuticals USA
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
SolutionVaginal
CreamTopical1 % w/w
PowderTopical
EmulsionTopical1 %
PowderTopical1 %
SolutionVaginal100 MG
KitTopical
Cream
CreamTopical10 mg/1
CreamTopical10 mg/1g
CreamTopical
Aerosol, foamTopical10 mg/1g
CreamTopical1 %
SprayTopical1 %
EmulsionTopical
SolutionTopical10 mg
CreamTopical10 mg/g
CreamVaginal10 mg/g
SolutionVaginal1 MG/ML
CreamVaginal
InsertVaginal150 MG
SuppositoryVaginal150 mg
CreamVaginal1 %
GelTopical1 %
InsertVaginal50 MG
SolutionTopical1 %
CreamTopical
InsertVaginal
Aerosol, foamTopical1 %
DoucheVaginal0.3 g/100ml
CreamTopical10 mg/g
CreamTopical1 g
CreamCutaneous
EmulsionTopical
SolutionTopical
Aerosol, foamTopical
SolutionTopical
SprayCutaneous1 %
OintmentTopical
KitTopical10 mg/1g
CreamTopical1 %w/w
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Econazole Nitrate 1% Cream 85 gm Tube73.63USD tube
Econazole Nitrate 1% Cream 30 gm Tube32.16USD tube
Econazole Nitrate 1% Cream 15 gm Tube19.32USD tube
Econazole nitrate powder2.5USD g
Spectazole 1% cream1.33USD g
Econazole nitrate 1% cream0.93USD g
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US5993830No1999-11-302018-01-16US flag
US10071054No2018-09-112031-08-08US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)162Godefroi, E.F. and Heeres, J.; U.S. Patent 3,717,655; February 20,1973; assigned to Jansen Pharmaceutica NV, Belgium.
logP5.5Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.00148 mg/mLALOGPS
logP4.67ALOGPS
logP5.35Chemaxon
logS-5.4ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)6.48Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area27.05 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count6Chemaxon
Refractivity98.26 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability37.37 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings3Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveNoChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleYesChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9735
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9823
Caco-2 permeable+0.6096
P-glycoprotein substrateNon-substrate0.545
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.7958
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IIInhibitor0.8387
Renal organic cation transporterInhibitor0.6806
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8407
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.9116
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.7017
CYP450 1A2 substrateInhibitor0.9472
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorInhibitor0.939
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorInhibitor0.9413
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorInhibitor0.9591
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorInhibitor0.8861
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityHigh CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.9961
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.9133
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.853
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9933
Rat acute toxicity2.8478 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.5
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Inhibitor0.8505
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-004i-9341000000-4ffb0473a31cea3f8c18
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0209000000-dd9a7887032ba981630f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-003r-0809000000-ef56e9754d834a47dba8
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004u-0947000000-d3dc8bef089f76ae7a41
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-1209000000-175afff3b38cbbfd311f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-9771000000-79308b14aee5b55b95d1
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-016r-7911000000-24fdf978e72732957d78
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-9000000000-a3f627576e054b4d7bd7
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-170.2619752
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-182.86502
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+171.6491752
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+185.3168
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+170.7207752
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+193.30585
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Yeast
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Sterol 14-demethylase activity
Specific Function
Catalyzes C14-demethylation of lanosterol which is critical for ergosterol biosynthesis. It transforms lanosterol into 4,4'-dimethyl cholesta-8,14,24-triene-3-beta-ol.
Gene Name
ERG11
Uniprot ID
P10613
Uniprot Name
Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase
Molecular Weight
60674.965 Da
References
  1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  2. Warrilow AG, Martel CM, Parker JE, Melo N, Lamb DC, Nes WD, Kelly DE, Kelly SL: Azole binding properties of Candida albicans sterol 14-alpha demethylase (CaCYP51). Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 Oct;54(10):4235-45. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00587-10. Epub 2010 Jul 12. [Article]
  3. Strushkevich N, Usanov SA, Park HW: Structural basis of human CYP51 inhibition by antifungal azoles. J Mol Biol. 2010 Apr 9;397(4):1067-78. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.01.075. Epub 2010 Feb 10. [Article]
  4. Jackson CJ, Lamb DC, Kelly DE, Kelly SL: Bactericidal and inhibitory effects of azole antifungal compounds on Mycobacterium smegmatis. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2000 Nov 15;192(2):159-62. [Article]
  5. Pietila MP, Vohra PK, Sanyal B, Wengenack NL, Raghavakaimal S, Thomas CF Jr: Cloning and characterization of CYP51 from Mycobacterium avium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2006 Aug;35(2):236-42. Epub 2006 Mar 16. [Article]
  6. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Partial agonist
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Nuclear receptor that binds and is activated by variety of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Transcription factor that activates the transcription of multiple genes involved in the metabolism an...
Gene Name
NR1I2
Uniprot ID
O75469
Uniprot Name
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2
Molecular Weight
49761.245 Da
References
  1. Svecova L, Vrzal R, Burysek L, Anzenbacherova E, Cerveny L, Grim J, Trejtnar F, Kunes J, Pour M, Staud F, Anzenbacher P, Dvorak Z, Pavek P: Azole antimycotics differentially affect rifampicin-induced pregnane X receptor-mediated CYP3A4 gene expression. Drug Metab Dispos. 2008 Feb;36(2):339-48. Epub 2007 Nov 12. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Oxygen binding
Specific Function
Catalyzes the formation of aromatic C18 estrogens from C19 androgens.
Gene Name
CYP19A1
Uniprot ID
P11511
Uniprot Name
Aromatase
Molecular Weight
57882.48 Da
References
  1. Ayub M, Levell MJ: The inhibition of human prostatic aromatase activity by imidazole drugs including ketoconazole and 4-hydroxyandrostenedione. Biochem Pharmacol. 1990 Oct 1;40(7):1569-75. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(90)90456-u. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Inactivates a number of drugs and xenobiotics and also bioactivates many xenobiotic substrates to their hepatotoxic ...
Gene Name
CYP2E1
Uniprot ID
P05181
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2E1
Molecular Weight
56848.42 Da
References
  1. Rendic S: Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448. [Article]
  2. Tassaneeyakul W, Birkett DJ, Miners JO: Inhibition of human hepatic cytochrome P4502E1 by azole antifungals, CNS-active drugs and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Xenobiotica. 1998 Mar;28(3):293-301. doi: 10.1080/004982598239579 . [Article]
Details
3. Cytochrome P450 3A4
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Monostory K, Hazai E, Vereczkey L: Inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes participating in p-nitrophenol hydroxylation by drugs known as CYP2E1 inhibitors. Chem Biol Interact. 2004 Apr 15;147(3):331-40. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2004.03.003. [Article]
  2. Godamudunage MP, Grech AM, Scott EE: Comparison of Antifungal Azole Interactions with Adult Cytochrome P450 3A4 versus Neonatal Cytochrome P450 3A7. Drug Metab Dispos. 2018 Sep;46(9):1329-1337. doi: 10.1124/dmd.118.082032. Epub 2018 Jul 10. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at May 07, 2021 21:23