Avarol derivatives as competitive AChE inhibitors, non hepatotoxic and neuroprotective agents for Alzheimer's disease

Eur J Med Chem. 2016 Oct 21:122:326-338. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.06.036. Epub 2016 Jun 23.

Abstract

Avarol is a marine sesquiterpenoid hydroquinone, previously isolated from the marine sponge Dysidea avara Schmidt (Dictyoceratida), with antiinflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant, antiplatelet, anti-HIV, and antipsoriatic effects. Recent findings indicate that some thio-avarol derivatives exhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity. The multiple pharmacological properties of avarol, thio-avarol and/or their derivatives prompted us to continue the in vitro screening, focusing on their AChE inhibitory and neuroprotective effects. Due to the complex nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is a renewed search for new, non hepatotoxic anticholinesterasic compounds. This paper describes the synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation of avarol-3'-thiosalicylate (TAVA) and thiosalycil-prenyl-hydroquinones (TPHs), as non hepatotoxic anticholinesterasic agents, showing a good neuroprotective effect on the decreased viability of SHSY5Y human neuroblastoma cells induced by oligomycin A/rotenone and okadaic acid. A molecular modeling study was also undertaken on the most promising molecules within the series to elucidate their AChE binding modes and in particular the role played by the carboxylate group in enzyme inhibition. Among them, TPH4, bearing a geranylgeraniol substituent, is the most significant Electrophorus electricus AChE (EeAChE) inhibitor (IC50 = 6.77 ± 0.24 μM), also endowed with a moderate serum horse butyrylcholinesterase (eqBuChE) inhibitory activity, being also the least hepatotoxic and the best neuroprotective compound of the series. Thus, TPHs represents a new family of synthetic compounds, chemically related to the natural compound avarol, which has been discovered for the potential treatment of AD. Findings prove the relevance of TPHs as a new possible generation of competitive AChE inhibitors pointing out the importance of the salycilic substituents on the hydroquinone ring. Since these compounds do not belong to the class of alkaloids, which are notorious for their capability to inhibit AChE while exhibiting side effects, they may constitute novel active AChE inhibitors with fewer side effects.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Anticholinesterasic compounds; Avarol; Molecular modeling; Neuroprotection; Thiosalycil-prenyl-hydroquinones (TPHs).

MeSH terms

  • Acetylcholinesterase / chemistry
  • Acetylcholinesterase / metabolism
  • Alzheimer Disease / drug therapy*
  • Animals
  • Butyrylcholinesterase / chemistry
  • Butyrylcholinesterase / metabolism
  • Cholinesterase Inhibitors / metabolism
  • Cholinesterase Inhibitors / pharmacology*
  • Cholinesterase Inhibitors / therapeutic use
  • Cholinesterase Inhibitors / toxicity
  • Electrophorus
  • Hep G2 Cells
  • Humans
  • Liver / drug effects
  • Molecular Docking Simulation
  • Neuroprotective Agents / metabolism
  • Neuroprotective Agents / pharmacology*
  • Neuroprotective Agents / therapeutic use
  • Neuroprotective Agents / toxicity
  • Protein Conformation
  • Sesquiterpenes / metabolism
  • Sesquiterpenes / pharmacology*
  • Sesquiterpenes / therapeutic use
  • Sesquiterpenes / toxicity

Substances

  • Cholinesterase Inhibitors
  • Neuroprotective Agents
  • Sesquiterpenes
  • Acetylcholinesterase
  • Butyrylcholinesterase
  • avarol